The Centennial Accord, signed in 1989, is an agreement between the State of Washington and Washington State’s federally recognized Tribes to improve government-to-government relationships. In this episode of Indigenous Voices, participants discuss the outcomes of the Centennial Accord and its effects on the fishing industry in Washington State, as well as the significance of consultation between sovereign governments.

Panelists include:

• Amber Taylor, Assistant Director/Collections Manager, Puyallup Tribe
• Brandon Reynon, Tribal Historic Preservation Officer, Puyallup Tribe
• Nettsie Bullchild, Director of Nisqually Tribal Archives/Nisqually Tribal Historic Preservation Office
• Warren KingGeorge, Historian, Muckleshoot Indian Tribe

Learn more at our Tribal partners websites and fortnisqually.org

Resources:

• Centennial Accord between the Federally Recognized Indian Tribes in Washington State and the State of Washington: https://goia.wa.gov/relations/centennial-accord

The American Indian Religious Freedom Act of 1978 protects the rights of Native Americans to practice their traditional religions guaranteeing access to sites, use and possession of sacred objects, and the freedom to worship through ceremonials and traditional rites. In episode 9, participants discuss the path to gaining religious freedom and some of the difficulties they must still overcome to practice religion today.

Panelists include:

• Amber Taylor, Assistant Director/Collections Manager, Puyallup Tribe
• Brandon Reynon, Tribal Historic Preservation Officer, Puyallup Tribe
• Nettsie Bullchild, Director of Nisqually Tribal Archives/Nisqually Tribal Historic Preservation Office
• Warren KingGeorge, Historian, Muckleshoot Indian Tribe

Learn more at our tribal partners websites and fortnisqually.org

Resources:

• American Indian Religious Freedom Act (1978): https://www.congress.gov/103/bills/hr4230/BILLS-103hr4230enr.pdf
• American Indian Movement (AIM): https://www.aimovement.org/

Article 3 of the Medicine Creek Treaty reads, “The right of taking fish, at all usual and accustomed grounds and stations, is further secured to said Indians in common with all citizens of the Territory, and of erecting temporary houses for the purpose of curing, together with the privilege of hunting, gathering roots and berries, and pasturing their horses on open and unclaimed lands: Provided, however, that they shall not take shellfish from any beds staked or cultivated by citizens, and that they shall alter all stallions not intended for breeding-horses, and shall keep up and confine the latter.”

In this episode, participants discuses article 3 of the Medicine Creek Treaty, securing Tribes’ right to gather food on their traditional lands, and the legal cases that followed when the article was not honored by the U.S. government. What came to be known as the Fish Wars, or Second Treaty War, ensued as Tribes fought for their rights.

Panelists include:

• Amber Taylor, Assistant Director/Collections Manager, Puyallup Tribe
• Brandon Reynon, Tribal Historic Preservation Officer, Puyallup Tribe
• Nettsie Bullchild, Director of Nisqually Tribal Archives/Nisqually Tribal Historic Preservation Office
• Warren KingGeorge, Historian, Muckleshoot Indian Tribe

Learn more at our tribal partners websites and fortnisqually.org

Resources:

• Boldt Decision Litigation Background Files, ca. 1968-1978: https://catalog.archives.gov/id/4644600
• Boldt Decision: United States v. State of Washington: https://www.historylink.org/file/21084
• United States Department of Justice sues the state of Washington over treaty fishing rights on September 18, 1970: https://historylink.org/File/2626
• The Boldt Decision Explained: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Flgw9p7XRbU
• The Fish Wars online lessons by the Smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian: https://americanindian.si.edu/nk360/pnw-fish-wars/index.cshtml#title
• Backlash to Bolt online lesson by the Smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian: https://americanindian.si.edu/nk360/pnw-fish-wars/backlash
• University of Washington resources for United States v Washington (Boldt Decision): https://lib.law.uw.edu/indian-tribal/boldt

Article 3 of the Medicine Creek Treaty reads, “The right of taking fish, at all usual and accustomed grounds and stations, is further secured to said Indians in common with all citizens of the Territory, and of erecting temporary houses for the purpose of curing, together with the privilege of hunting, gathering roots and berries, and pasturing their horses on open and unclaimed lands: Provided, however, that they shall not take shellfish from any beds staked or cultivated by citizens, and that they shall alter all stallions not intended for breeding-horses, and shall keep up and confine the latter.”

In this episode, participants discuses article 3 of the Medicine Creek Treaty, securing Tribes’ right to gather food on their traditional lands, and the legal cases that followed when the article was not honored by the U.S. government. What came to be known as the Fish Wars, or Second Treaty War, ensued as Tribes fought for their rights.

Panelists include:

· Amber Taylor, Assistant Director/Collections Manager, Puyallup Tribe

· Brandon Reynon, Tribal Historic Preservation Officer, Puyallup Tribe

· Nettsie Bullchild, Director of Nisqually Tribal Archives/Nisqually Tribal Historic Preservation Office

· Warren KingGeorge, Historian, Muckleshoot Indian Tribe

Learn more at our tribal partners websites and fortnisqually.org

Resources:

• Boldt Decision Litigation Background Files, ca. 1968-1978: https://catalog.archives.gov/id/4644600
• Boldt Decision: United States v. State of Washington: https://www.historylink.org/file/21084
• Supreme Court in U.S. v. Winans hands down first Native American fishing rights case in 1905: https://historylink.org/File/2595
• U.S. Supreme Court in Tulee x. Washington upholds some Native American treaty fishing rights on March 30, 1942: https://historylink.org/File/2595
• State Supreme Court issues a narrow ruling regarding treaty fishing rights in State of Washington c Satiacum on July 1, 1957: https://historylink.org/File/2650
• Native Americans and supporters stage fish-in to protest denial of treaty rights on March 2, 1964: https://historylink.org/File/5332
• The Fish-in Protests at Franks Landing: https://depts.washington.edu/civilr/fish-ins.htm
• The Boldt Decision Explained: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Flgw9p7XRbU
• The Fish Wars online lessons by the Smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian: https://americanindian.si.edu/nk360/pnw-fish-wars/index.cshtml#title
• Backlash to Bolt online lesson by the Smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian:

The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 decreased federal control of Native affairs, returned surplus lands to the tribes, and encouraged tribal self-governance. In episode 6, participants discuss the state or tribal governances after the Dawes Act and the Indian Reorganization Act.

Panelists include:

• Amber Taylor, Assistant Director/Collections Manager, Puyallup Tribe
• Charlene Krise, Executive Director of the Squaxin Island Tribe Museum Library Research Center
• Nettsie Bullchild, Director of Nisqually Tribal Archives/Nisqually Tribal Historic Preservation Office
• Warren KingGeorge, Historian, Muckleshoot Indian Tribe

Learn more at our tribal partners websites and fortnisqually.org

Resources:

-https://www.archives.gov/research/native-americans/indian-reorganization-act

The Dawes Act of 1887 allowed the federal government to divide tribal lands into 160-acre allotments. These allotments were then assigned to individual tribal members with the goal of assimilating Native families. Unassigned allotments were designated as surplus and given to American settlers, resulting in the loss of two-thirds of tribal lands. In this episode, participants discuss the lasting impacts of the Dawes Act.

This is part 2 of a 2-part episode.

Panelists include:

• Amber Taylor, Assistant Director/Collections Manager, Puyallup Tribe
• Charlene Krise, Executive Director of the Squaxin Island Tribe Museum Library Research Center
• Nettsie Bullchild, Director of Nisqually Tribal Archives/Nisqually Tribal Historic Preservation Office
• Warren KingGeorge, Historian, Muckleshoot Indian Tribe

Learn more at our tribal partners websites and fortnisqually.org

The Dawes Act of 1887 allowed the federal government to divide tribal lands into 160-acre allotments. These allotments were then assigned to individual tribal members with the goal of assimilating Native families. Unassigned allotments were designated as surplus and given to American settlers, resulting in the loss of two-thirds of tribal lands. In this episode, participants discuss the lasting impacts of the Dawes Act.

This is part 1 of a 2-part episode.

Panelists include:

• Amber Taylor, Assistant Director/Collections Manager, Puyallup Tribe
• Charlene Krise, Executive Director of the Squaxin Island Tribe Museum Library Research Center
• Nettsie Bullchild, Director of Nisqually Tribal Archives/Nisqually Tribal Historic Preservation Office
• Warren KingGeorge, Historian, Muckleshoot Indian Tribe

Learn more at our tribal partners websites and fortnisqually.org

The United States’ boarding school program was designed to strip Native children of their culture by isolating them from their families and placing them into militant style, religious boarding schools. Our second and third episodes discuss two schools in particular, the Puyallup Indian School, located on Squaxin Island, and the Cushman Indian School, located in Tacoma.

This is part 2 of a 2-part episode.

Panelists include:

• Amber Taylor, Assistant Director/Collections Manager, Puyallup Tribe
• Brandon Reynon, Tribal Historic Preservation Officer, Puyallup Tribe
• Charlene Krise, Executive Director of the Squaxin Island Tribe Museum Library Research Center
• Nettsie Bullchild, Director of Nisqually Tribal Archives/Nisqually Tribal Historic Preservation Office
• Warren KingGeorge, Historian, Muckleshoot Indian Tribe

Learn more at our tribal partners websites and fortnisqually.org

Resources:

Tribal Websites

• https://www.puyalluptribe-nsn.gov/about-our-tribe/historic-preservation/
• https://squaxinislandmuseum.org/
• http://www.nisqually-nsn.gov/index.php/heritage/
• https://www.muckleshoot.nsn.us/depts/preservation#:~:text=The%20mission%20of%20the%20Preservation,as%20the%20Muckleshoot%20Indian%20Tribe

Media

• Reservation Dogs
• 1883
• Indian Horse https://www.indianhorse.ca/en
• Stolen: Surviving St. Michael's https://gimletmedia.com/shows/stolen

Since Time Immemorial Curriculum https://ospi.k12.wa.us/student-success/resources-subject-area/john-mccoy-lulilas-time-immemorial-tribal-sovereignty-washington-state

Federal Indian Boarding School Investigative Report https://www.bia.gov/sites/default/files/dup/inline-files/bsi_investigative_report_may_2022_508.pdf