In this episode, Helen Cai chats with Dr. Chen and Dr. Nardella about the challenges and joys involved with feeding babies through breastfeeding.

=== Outline ===

Chapter 1: Motivation for Learning

Chapter 2: Counseling on benefits of Breastfeeding

Chapter 3: Collecting a history and troubleshooting

Chapter 4: Not all situations are the same

=== Learning Points ===

1. Breastfeeding Pain is Not Normal: While some tenderness may occur in the very early days, ongoing pain, is a sign of a problem.
2. Supply and Demand Basics: Breastfeeding largely operates on supply and demand. Parents need to be encouraged to drain the breast 8 to 12 times in 24 hours to establish an adequate milk supply.
3. Universal Provider Responsibility: All primary care physicians should have a foundational knowledge of common breastfeeding challenges and counseling techniques.
4. Focus on Parent Goals and Informed Decision: Counseling should avoid shaming and move past yes/no questions and use motivational interviewing.

=== Our Expert(s) ===

Deanna Nardella, MD, MHS is a general pediatrician at Yale who completed her pediatrics residency at The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and later joined Yale as a National Clinician Scholar, bringing a strong background in infant care and breastfeeding medicine to her work with families.

=== Further Reading ===

1. American Academy of Pediatrics. Policy Statement: Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/150/1/e2022057988/188347/Policy-Statement-Breastfeeding-and-the-Use-of?autologincheck=redirected
2. Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine: links to “Need to Know” videos
   https://www.bfmed.org/need-to-know-videos
3. Institute for the Advancement of Breastfeeding and Lactation Education (IABLE): Offers online CME and eCourses, including a “1 Day Primary Care Breastfeeding Medicine Course for Physicians and Other Providers”
   https://lacted.org/
4. Global Health Media Project: Offers free instructional videos on a wide range of breastfeeding topics
   https://globalhealthmedia.org/video/?_topic=breastfeeding&_language=english&~1
5. E-lactancia: Spanish and English information about compatibility between medications and breastfeeding. https://www.e-lactancia.org/
6. Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed), maintained by the NIH: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK501922/

=== About Us ===

The Primary Care Pearls (PCP) Podcast is created in collaboration with faculty, residents, and students from the Department of Internal Medicine at the Yale School of Medicine. The project aims to create accessible and informative podcasts about core primary care topics centered around real patient stories.

Hosts: Helen Cai

Producers: Helen Cai, Josh Onyango

Logo and Name: Eva Zimmerman

Theme music and Editing: Helen Cai, Josh Onyango

Other background music: Alge, futuremono, Joel Cummins, Schwartzy, Density & Time, The Tower of Light, Asher Fulero, Track Tribe, Penguinmusic, Esther Abrami, the Mini Vandals, Godmode, Quincas Moreira, Nathan Moore, Adam MacDougall,

Instagram: @pcpearls

Twitter: @PCarePearls

Listen on your favorite podcast platforms: linktr.ee/pcpearls

In this episode, Dr. Liang chats with Alexis and Dr. Quinn about the challenges involved with helping adolescents transition care into the adulthood.

=== Outline ===

Chapter 1: Building a team of specialists

Chapter 2: Transitions to adult care

Chapter 3: The role of parents

Chapter 4: Parting advice

Chapter 5: Conclusion

=== Learning Points ===

1. While it’s tempting to think of adolescents as simply younger versions of adult patients, we need to recognize that they have their own needs and considerations. They’re learning about how to navigate the health care system for the first time, and will likely need our help to understand it.
2. If you’re listening to this as a specialist or as an adult provider who sees young adults, just remember that they may need a little bit of extra grace and kindness when they show up to see you for the first time. Your attitude easily becomes their attitude.
3. Emphasize interdependence, rather than independence. Who do teens have on their team, and how can we build up their toolkit of strategies and problem solving to best set them up for success?

=== Our Expert(s) ===

Sheila M. Quinn, DO, is an attending physician in the Craig-Dalsimer Division of Adolescent Medicine and the Transition to Adult Care Program at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. Her areas of expertise include adolescent and young adult health, reproductive health, and health care transitions.

=== Toolkits and Resources ===

• https://gottransition.org/

=== About Us ===

The Primary Care Pearls (PCP) Podcast is created in collaboration with faculty, residents, and students from the Department of Internal Medicine at the Yale School of Medicine. The project aims to create accessible and informative podcasts about core primary care topics centered around real patient stories.

Hosts: Addy Feibel

Producers: Helen Cai, Josh Onyango

Logo and Name: Eva Zimmerman

Theme music and Editing: Helen Cai, Josh Onyango

Other background music: Patrick Patrikios, Nat Keefe, The Mini Vandals, John Patitucci, DivKid, Joel Cummins, Godmode, Ammil

Instagram: @pcpearls

Twitter: @PCarePearls

Listen on your favorite podcast platforms: linktr.ee/pcpearls

In this episode, Dr. Liang interviews Dr. Quinn (Adolescent Health Provider) and Alexis (Teenager) on her personal experience with navigating social media, mental health struggles, and reproductive health with her healthcare providers.

=== Outline ===

Chapter 1: Definitions

Chapter 2: Establishing a relationship with the patient

Chapter 3: Mental health

Chapter 4: Social media

Chapter 5: Sexual and reproductive health

Chapter 6: Conclusion

=== Learning Points ===

1. First impressions are important. How you set up and frame the relationship with a teen patient will set the tone for the teen’s trust, and how much they choose to confide in you in the coming years.
2. Instead of being prescriptive or setting limits, such as with social media, we can equip teens with the skills to reflect on their interactions. What does it mean to be kind in an online world? Is it leading to meaningful and constructive interactions? Or is it quickly becoming a detriment to someone’s identity and how they see themselves?
3. No matter the topic, using normalizing language can go a long way in empowering adolescents to share. When discussing topics included in the social history, using simple language can go a long way in avoiding misunderstandings. Remember, it might be the first time that teens are hearing these words being used.

=== Our Expert(s) ===

Sheila M. Quinn, DO, is an attending physician in the Craig-Dalsimer Division of Adolescent Medicine and the Transition to Adult Care Program at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. Her areas of expertise include adolescent and young adult health, reproductive health, and health care transitions.

=== Toolkits and Resources ===

• n/a

=== About Us ===

The Primary Care Pearls (PCP) Podcast is created in collaboration with faculty, residents, and students from the Department of Internal Medicine at the Yale School of Medicine. The project aims to create accessible and informative podcasts about core primary care topics centered around real patient stories.

Hosts: Addy Feibel

Producers: Helen Cai, Josh Onyango

Logo and Name: Eva Zimmerman

Editing: Helen Cai, Josh Onyango

Theme music: Josh Onyango

Other background music: Nat Keefe, TrackTribe, Geographer, Asher Fulero, Loopop, Freedom Trail Studio, Chris Haugen, Aaron Kenny, Ammil, penguinmusic,

Instagram: @pcpearls

Twitter: @PCarePearls

Listen on your favorite podcast platforms: linktr.ee/pcpearls