Summary of https://arxiv.org/pdf/2412.14232v1

Contrasts Human-in-the-Loop (HIL) and AI-in-the-Loop (AI2L) systems in artificial intelligence. HIL systems are AI-driven, with humans providing feedback, while AI2L systems place humans in control, using AI as a support tool.

The authors argue that current evaluation methods often favor HIL systems, neglecting the human's crucial role in AI2L systems. They propose a shift towards more human-centric evaluations for AI2L systems, emphasizing factors like interpretability and impact on human decision-making.

The paper uses various examples across diverse domains to illustrate these distinctions, advocating for a more nuanced understanding of human-AI collaboration beyond simple automation. Ultimately, the authors suggest AI2L may be more suitable for complex or ill-defined tasks, where human expertise and judgment remain essential.

Here are the five most relevant takeaways from the sources and our conversation history, emphasizing the shift from a traditional HIL perspective to an AI2L approach:

• Control is the Key Differentiator: The crucial difference between Human-in-the-Loop (HIL) and AI-in-the-Loop (AI2L) systems lies in who controls the decision-making process. In HIL systems, AI is in charge, using human input to guide the model, while in AI2L systems, the human is in control, with AI acting as an assistant. Many systems currently labeled as HIL are, in reality, AI2L systems.

• Human Roles are Reconsidered: HIL systems often treat humans as data-labeling oracles or sources of domain knowledge. This perspective overlooks the potential of humans to be active participants who significantly influence system performance. AI2L systems, in contrast, are human-centered, placing the human at the core of the system.

• Evaluation Metrics Must Change: Traditional metrics like accuracy and precision are suitable for HIL systems, but AI2L systems require a human-centered approach to evaluation. This involves considering factors such as calibration, fairness, explainability, and the overall impact on the human user. Ablation studies are also essentialto evaluate the impact of different components on the overall AI2L system.

• Bias and Trust are Different: HIL systems are prone to biases from historical data and human experts. AI2L systems are also susceptible to data and algorithmic biases but are more vulnerable to biases arising from how humans interpret AI outputs. Trust in HIL systems depends on the credibility of the human teachers, while trust in AI2L systems relies on transparency, explainability, and interpretability.

• A Shift in Mindset is Necessary: Moving from HIL to AI2L involves a fundamental shift in how we approach AI system design and deployment. It means recognizing that AI is there to enhance human expertise, rather than replace it. This shift involves viewing AI deployment as an intervention within existing human-driven processes, and focusing on collaborative rather than purely automated solutions.