Fascism History

Los ensayos políticos de George Orwell son una de las mejores fuentes de resistencia contra el uso corrupto del lenguaje y las versiones manipuladas de la realidad. Su pasión por la verdad y su esfuerzo infatigable por desmantelar las mentiras le convierten en una referencia inexcusable en estos atribulados tiempos.

En 1937, tras un año de guerra civil, el gobierno de la república activó la Operación Schulmeister con el objetivo de lograr la retirada de la ayuda de Hitler y Mussolini al bando nacional, para lo cual se planteó la cesión de territorios como las Baleares, Canarias o el Marruecos español. Dada la importancia del botín en juego, las grandes potencias desplegaron un juego diplomático con espías, empresas pantalla y testaferros para controlar el Mediterráneo occidental.

The showdown should have been a brief affair, where the German Empire put its neighbours in their place. Encouraged by the spirit of adventure thousands of young men volunteered to defend the nation’s honour. On the other hand, in France, Britain and Russia optimism was just as high: the troops would be home by Christmas. But the reality was quite different. Soon the lines were locked in a deadly mud hell in the heart of Europe, and despite new weapons like poison gas, submarines, tanks and aircraft the war was protracted.

El protagonismo de la mentira en los fascismos del pasado y en los populismos de derecha del presente analizado detalladamente y en perspectiva histórica en tiempos de la "post verdad".

For hundreds of years, Bulgarian Gypsies trained bears to dance, welcoming them into their families and taking them on the road to perform. In the early 2000s, with the fall of Communism, they were forced to release the bears into a wildlife refuge. But even today, whenever the bears see a human, they still get up on their hind legs to dance. In the tradition of Ryszard Kapuściński, award-winning Polish journalist, Witold Szabłowski uncovers remarkable stories of people throughout Eastern Europe and in Cuba who, like Bulgaria’s dancing bears, are now free but who seem nostalgic for the time when they were not.

Resultado de mais de três anos de apuração, O Negócio do Jair: A história proibida do clã Bolsonaro desvenda o passado secreto da família que hoje comanda o Brasil. A jornalista Juliana Dal Piva parte do escândalo das rachadinhas exposto pelo caso Queiroz, a partir de dezembro de 2018, para contar uma história que remonta à entrada de Jair Bolsonaro na política na década de 1990.

La historia no se repite, pero sí alecciona. Tanto el nazismo como el comunismo fueron reacciones a la globalización: a las desigualdades reales o imaginadas que creaba, y a la aparente impotencia de las democracias para afrontarlas. Eran movimientos en los que un líder o un partido decían dar voz al pueblo, prometían protegerlo de las amenazas globales existentes y rechazaban la razón en favor del mito. La historia nos muestra que las sociedades pueden quebrarse, las democracias pueden caer, la ética puede venirse abajo y la gente corriente puede encontrarse en situaciones inimaginables.

Om morgenen den 6. august 1945 udløser besætningen på flyet Enola Gay en atombombe over Hiroshima. Få minutter efter er den japanske provinsby forvandlet til et brændende helvede. Tre dage senere overgår den samme skæbne Nagasaki. Selv de forhærdede japanske generaler, som ellers var fast besluttede på, at landet skulle fortsætte kampen, er rystede over de ufattelige ødelæggelser. Og da kejseren selv også taler for overgivelse, vælger Japan at acceptere en betingelsesløs kapitulation.

De nazistiske forbrydelser var mange. I 1934 føler Hitler sig så truet af rivaler i sit eget parti, at han ser stort på landets love og beordrer mere end 80 mord. I to blodige dage dræber Führerens private SS-enhed gamle venner i SA plus 10-20 kritiske generaler og parlamentariske politikere. I juni 1940 marcherede tyske soldater til det sydlige Polen. I løbet af de næste fire år bygger arkitekter, ingeniører og SS-officerer et af historiens mest forfærdelige steder: Dødsfabrikken Auschwitz, hvor mennesker myrdes med klinisk effektivitet.

Morgonen den 6 augusti 1945 fäller besättningen på planet Enola Gay en atombomb över Hiroshima. Några minuter senare har den japanska staden förvandlats till ett brinnande helvete. Tre dagar senare drabbas Nagasaki av samma öde. Till och med de förhärdade japanska generalerna, som varit fast beslutna att fortsätta strida, är skakade av den ofattbara förödelsen. När även kejsaren förespråkar en kapitulation, väljer Japan till slut att acceptera en villkorslös sådan. I allra sista ögonblicket är det nära att planerna kullkastas av en grupp officerare.

I början av kriget rullar tyska stridsvagnar fram över land efter land, medan människor apatiskt ser på. Efter hand som tyskarnas ockupation blir alltmer brutal växer emellertid motståndsviljan. Fridfulla protester som allsångsträffar i Danmark utvecklas till sabotage och väpnad kamp. I Storbritannien är Winston Churchill snabb att snappa upp signalerna, och redan under sommaren 1940 upprättar han SOE, en hemlig spion- och sabotageorganisation. Churchills första order till SOE är tydlig: "Sätt Europa i brand".

In August 1940, Berlin was hit by British bombers. Hitler immediately ordered a series of gigantic air defences be built - each one more expensive than the city’s entire Olympic facilities - but they’re ineffective and resources are wasted. The Führer also has an opportunity to force the British out of North Africa and gain control of the Middle East’s valuable oil. But he rejects his generals’ advice, just as he unnecessarily draws the United States into the war in Europe.

The Germans and their Japanese allies have gone from victory to victory since the start of the war, but in the autumn of 1942, that begins to change. On the small Pacific island of Guadalcanal, US forces drive back the Japanese to capture a key airfield. Meanwhile, on the Eastern Front, Hitler’s blitzkrieg slams to a halt at Stalingrad, stopped by the Russian winter and a Red Army determined to defend every street. As the war enters its fourth year, the conflict becomes ever more brutal.

The battle is won, the enemy driven out, and everyone can breathe again. Many field generals thought this - but generals often make mistakes. Throughout World War II, specially trained soldiers made sure that the enemy never rested in peace. Command units struck anywhere and at any time: a German general was kidnapped in the middle of Crete, while commandos liberated Benito Mussolini from his prison on a mountain top. And British units blew up factories in a Norwegian town to deprive Germany of important raw materials.

German tanks rolled unimpeded across the Russian steppes at the start of Hitler’s campaign against the Soviet Union. But in 1943, the so-called Slavic "untermensch" (subhumans) gain the initiative and transform the country into a hell for Hitler’s invasion forces. Nearly 100,000 Germans are captured after the Battle of Stalingrad at the beginning of the year. Ahead lies cold, hunger and ill-treatment, and only five percent of prisoners will return to Germany after the war.

In 1933 Adolf Hitler seizes power after seducing the German people with lavish promises of restoring order, prosperity and the Greater German Reich to its former glories. He then goes to on exploit other Western European powers’ fear of confrontation to rearm the country in direct defiance of the restrictive terms of the Treaty of Versailles. Before his neighbours can react, Hitler has transformed Germany’s armed forces into the most modern war machine of the day. And Hitler is not alone.

Die Weiße Rose - vor allem verbunden mit den Namen Hans und Sophie Scholl - kennt man als Widerstandsgruppe im nationalsozialistischen Staat. Wer aber weiß genau, was in den Flugblättern stand, die die jungen Leute das Leben kosteten?