France Politics

Louis Philippe (1773-1850) is France's first "constitutional monarch", having being properly elected by the National Assembly. He lived through the French Revolution, during which he saw his brother and sister-in-law, Louis XVI and Marie-Antoinette, guillotined by extreme revolutionaries. Then, Napoleon Bonaparte seized the throne, declared himself emperor, and began the conquest of Europe; after Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo, France welcomed Louis Philippe back as an elected King.

Louis-Charles Bourbon, or the Dauphin, never actually reigned, but became either a symbol of martyrdom or the object of one of the most successful acts of substitution ever performed. He enjoyed a charmed early childhood in the palace of Versailles, as the heir of the most powerful throne in Europe; when the French Revolution unfolded in all its horror, his family was incarcerated, and the orphaned boy-King had to endure the hostility and abuse of a nation.

At the climax of the French Revolution, King Louis XVI was executed by guillotine. When the young Louis XVII, Louis XVI's son, died in prison in June 1795, Louis XVIII succeeded his nephew as titular King. His reign was marked by exile, first because of the Revolution, and then of Napoleon, who set to conquer Europe and become Emperor of the French - before a coalition defeated him and restored Louis XVIII to the throne.

More than two centuries after her death, Marie-Antoinette continues to fascinate historians, writers, and filmmakers. She was born into royalty, and a world of immense privilege and power. At age 14, she married the one who would become Louis XVI, King of France; when he made her a queen, she was universally adored. But afterwards, her extravagant lifestyle turned public opinion against her, eventually participating in the crumbling of the already discredited monarchy into a maelstrom of revolution, disaster and tragedy.

The Sun King's reputation still stands on his reign, rich in art and literature, his brilliant court and invincible armies. He was in power for 72 years, the longest reign of any monarch in European history; he made France the leading European power, set up the lavish palace of Versailles to be sure the rebellious nobility would always be before his eyes, and consolidated a system of absolute monarchical rule in France that endured until the French Revolution.

Louis VI was a warrior king, but at the end of his reign, his weight had become so great that it had become difficult for him to lead in the field - hence his nickname "The Fat". He was a strong and competent ruler, who managed to considerably reinforce his power in the kingdom, and largely contributed to the subsequent centralization of authority in France. Learn about his soar to power, his struggles with the "robber barons", and his successes in alliances and coalitions.

Henry IV of France, also known as the "Good King Henry", was King of France from 1589 to 1610. Born a Catholic but raised a Protestant, he barely escaped assassination in the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre, and later led Protestant forces against the royal army, before being called to the French succession upon the death of his cousin Henry III.

Louis XI: this rebellious king was first called "The Prudent", in reference to his cunning ways, and then, "The Universal Spider" when it appeared that his ceaseless intrigues had turned into full-blown webs of plots and conspiracies. Learn how the Cunning King of France was able to eliminate his rebellious vassals, expand royal power, and strengthen the economic development of his country, all through the power of isolating treaties, precise timing, and intense diplomatic activities.

La mondialisation, ce terme aujourd'hui à la mode, n'est pas un phénomène récent. Elle résulte de l'européanisation du monde, c'est-à-dire de l'expansion des nations européennes dans leur mouvement de conquête. L'auteur se propose à la fois de démystifier ce phénomène fondateur de la modernité occidentale, en montrant qu'il n'est porteur d'aucun sens de l'histoire, et d'en étudier les enjeux les plus actuels.

“Citizenship in a Republic” is the title of a speech given by Theodore Roosevelt at the Sorbonne in Paris, France, on April 23, 1910. In the speech Roosevelt discusses the attributes required of its citizens and leaders to sustain a thriving national character, not least of which are a high moral character and energetic engagement.

Vor den Feiertagen wird das Essen ein noch wichtigeres Gesprächsthema in Frankreich. Zuerst erhalten Sie neue Einsichten in die französische Gastronomie und danach wird das traditionelle Weihnachtsgericht, die Pute mit Esskastanien, zubereitet. Denn man muss die passende Nahrung zu sich nehmen, um die Dezember-Kälte zu ertragen. Und da es sicher kalt wird, geht es um das Wort froid, damit Sie in allen kalten Situationen den richtigen Ausdruck parat haben!

The whole question of women in history is an elusive one as the most written about ladies tend to be Queens, born or married into positions of power. Some, like the very English Queen Elizabeth I and Queen Victoria, built on their birthright with the power of their personalities to enjoy long and successful reins, while others made the history books for all the wrong reasons. And it is to this latter category that the subject of our journal, Marie Antoinette the most famous Queen of France, belongs.

La apasionante historia del triunfo y caída de quizás la figura más emblemática de la nación francesa. Ambicioso, encantador y enormemente talentoso, anhelaba llevar a su país más allá de los linderos conocidos de la gloria. Su ascenso hacia el poder, tan fulgurante como la ofensiva que le permitió dominar casi toda Europa, marcó toda una época no sólo en la vida de Francia, sino también a nivel mundial. No se lo pierda.

Avec la naissance de l'Etat, 3000 ans avant notre ère, l'espace géographique acquiert une dimension politique. Désormais, l'espace n'est plus seulement façonné et cloisonné par la diversité du milieu naturel et par celle du peuplement, mais aussi par l'exercice de souverainetés étatiques concurrentes. Il devient le théâtre et l'enjeu de rivalités pour le contrôle de voies stratégiques, de ressources vitales, mais aussi de territoires ou de lieux symboliques.