History Italy Fascism

From 1934 until 1944, Mussolini met Hitler numerous times, and the two developed a relationship that deeply affected both countries. While Germany is generally regarded as the senior power, Christian Goeschel demonstrates just how much history has underrepresented Mussolini's influence on his German ally. Goeschel, a scholar of 20th-century Germany and Italy, revisits all of Mussolini and Hitler's key meetings and asks how these meetings constructed a powerful image of a strong Fascist-Nazi relationship that still resonates with the general public.

In 1945, post-fascist Italy was devastated by war, and its reputation in the international arena was nil. Yet by December 1955, when Italy was admitted to the United Nations, the nation had contested three acrimonious but free general elections, had a flourishing press, and was a leader in the rebuilding of Europe.

From National Book Award finalist David I. Kertzer comes the gripping story of Pope Pius XI’s secret relations with Italian dictator Benito Mussolini. This groundbreaking work, based on seven years of research in the Vatican and Fascist archives, including reports from Mussolini’s spies inside the highest levels of the Church, will forever change our understanding of the Vatican’s role in the rise of Fascism in Europe.

Italy's Rosselli family were members of the cosmopolitan, cultural elite in Florence at the start of the twentieth century. Led by their fierce matriarch, Amelia Rosselli, they were also vocal anti-fascists. As Mussolini rose to power in Italy following WWI, the Rossellis took leading roles in the rebellion against him, a stance that few in their class would risk. And when Mussolini established a police state whose tactics grew more brutal, the Rossellis and their anti-fascist friends transformed from debaters and critics into activists.

Lo Stato fascista è studiato qui nei suoi meccanismi essenziali. I cambiamenti e le continuità che lo caratterizzano: nei ministeri, nei nuovi enti pubblici, nel rapporto contraddittorio fra centro e periferia. E in primo piano il nuovo soggetto che ambiguamente penetra nello Stato e al tempo stesso se ne lascia penetrare, statalizzandosi: il Partito fascista.

Quando Mussolini tiene il primo discorso alla Camera da Capo del Consiglio, dopo la Marcia su Roma (è il 16 novembre 1922, la Marcia ha avuto luogo tra il 28 e il 31 del mese precedente), Emilio Lussu, deputato del Partito Sardo d'Azione, è in ospedale a Cagliari, vittima di un'aggressione fascista, ma riesce ugualmente a fornirne un resoconto illuminante. Mussolini può ormai giocare coi parlamentari come il gatto con il topo: li può calpestare con una sola zampata, e lo dice loro, ma può anche non farlo, se essi saranno buoni. Molti in effetti lo saranno.

Mussolini has rarely been taken seriously as a totalitarian dictator; Hitler and Stalin have always cast too long a shadow. But what was a negative judgement on the Duce, considered innocuous and ineffective, has begun to work to his advantage. As has occurred with many other European dictators, present-day popular memory of Mussolini is increasingly indulgent; in Italy and elsewhere he is remembered as a strong, decisive leader. Mussolini in Myth and Memory argues against this rehabilitation.

Dopo oltre settant'anni dalla caduta del fascismo, mai come ora l'idra risolleva la testa, soprattutto su Internet, ma non solo. Frasi ripetute a mo' di barzelletta per anni, che parevano innocue e risibili fino a non molto tempo fa, si stanno sempre più facendo largo in Italia con tutt'altro obiettivo. E fanno presa. La storiografia ha indagato il fascismo e la figura di Mussolini in tutti i suoi dettagli e continua a farlo. Il quadro che è stato tracciato dalla grande maggioranza degli studiosi è quello di un regime dispotico, violento, miope e perlopiù incapace.