In today’s world, our wallets are often our loudest megaphones, but when we choose to boycott a brand or a global event, what are we actually doing? Whether you are passionate about consumer activism or skeptical of "virtue signaling," this episode offers a deep, philosophical look at the challenges and opportunities of boycotts. Joining this episode to navigate the complex moral landscape of boycotting—from its historical roots in 1780s Ireland to modern-day protests against the Eurovision Song Contest and the FIFA World Cup - is Dr. Brian Carey, an Associate Professor in Political Theory at Durham University’s School of Government and International Affairs. His research explores the intersections of political hypocrisy, collective action, and civil disobedience. Together, we tackle the difficult questions: Must a boycott have a "reasonable prospect of success" to be ethically justified? Is it possible to be an effective activist while still being labeled a "hypocrite" for shopping at Amazon? And when, exactly, is it time to stop?

To learn more about Dr. Carey and his research, visit his website: https://www.durham.ac.uk/staff/brian-carey/

Bibliography:

Carey, Brian 2024. Hypocrisy and Epistemic Injustice. Ethical Theory and Moral Practice 27, 353–370

Collins, Stephanie 2019. Group Duties: Their Existence and Their Implications for Individuals. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

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On February 28th, 2026, Israel and the U.S. launched Operation Epic Fury. While the headlines are filled with news of airstrikes on Tehran and the death of Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, the true trajectory of this war will be decided far from the front lines. In this episode, we peek through the "fog of war" to offer a watchlist for the coming weeks. We dive into why the Strait of Hormuz has become a primary battlefield of financial warfare and what implications the war has for China and Russia. We explore the precarious position of Arab Gulf states, the high-stakes leadership vacuum in Tehran, and the domestic political cracks forming in both Israel and the United States—including the rift within the MAGA movement. If you want to understand the news before it happens, this is the guide you need.

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**Recorded on Tuesday, 24 February 2026, before the start of the war on 28 February 2026 **

Is the Iranian regime facing a point of no return? Following the largest domestic uprising since 1979—which saw five million people take to the streets—and a brutal state crackdown resulting in an estimated 36,500 civilian deaths, the Islamic Republic finds itself in a desperate "survival mode". Despite recent US aerial bombardments of its nuclear facilities during Operation Midnight Hammer, the regime has made a startling pivot back to the negotiating table in Geneva.

In this episode, we sit down with Professor Anoush Ehteshami, the Nasser al-Mohammad al-Sabah Chair in International Relations at Durham University and a world-renowned expert on Persian Gulf geopolitics. Prof. Ehteshami dissects the "narrow landing zone" for a new nuclear deal with the Trump administration, the devastating impact of a plummeting Rial, and the looming shadow of succession as the 86-year-old Supreme Leader faces internal power struggles and allegations of systemic corruption. Join us for a close look at the complex interstate relationships of the Middle East and the domestic fractures threatening to unseat one of the region's most enduring powers.

To learn more about Durham's revised MA Politics and International Relations of the Middle East, see https://www.durham.ac.uk/departments/academic/school-government-international-affairs/postgraduate-study/taught-courses/ma-politics-and-international-relations-of-the-middle-east/

To learn more about Prof. Ehteshami research visit his website: https://www.durham.ac.uk/staff/a-ehteshami/

The BRI Dialogues can be accessed on Youtube at https://www.youtube.com/@bridialogues1185

Earlier Politics in the Rearview Mirror episodes related to this one are:

- Season 5, Episode 1: From the Bazaar to the Barricades: What Makes the Current Protest in Iran Different (with Dr. Kouhi-Esfahani) - https://open.spotify.com/episode/3rppWheYmghvkHqVHYcHkn

- Season 3, Episode 8: Israel Strikes Iran: Why Now, What Comes Next, and Consequences (with Prof. Ehteshami) - https://open.spotify.com/episode/4waVMjEW1i1iMd4tVIR8L8

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In recent years, Europe's China strategy "change through trade" has faced reality: China is simultaneously a partner, an economic competitor, and a systematic rival. As the EU struggles to find its footing between a rising China and an increasingly unreliable US, this episode explores the EU's struggles of "de-risking" its relationship with China and its quest for strategic autonomy.

To navigate this complex maze, we are joined by two core members of the MA Politics and International Relations of East Asia: Dr. Gordon Cheung, an Associate Professor in International Relations of China, who looks at how the EU's integration history serves as both a blueprint and a warning for new trade blocs in East Asia and how it shaped EU-China relations in past decades, and Dr. Ferran Perez-Mena, an Assistant Professor of International Relations of East Asia, who pulls back the curtain on the internal political tug-of-war within the EU. From the high-voltage "EV war" to the influence of "national spoilers" like Hungary, we delve into the complex, often contradictory forces shaping the future of EU-China relations.

To learn more about Durham's revised MA Politics and International Relations of East Asia, see https://www.durham.ac.uk/departments/academic/school-government-international-affairs/postgraduate-study/taught-courses/ma-politics-and-international-relations-of-east-asia/

To learn more about Drs. Cheung and Perez Mena's research visit their websites: https://www.durham.ac.uk/staff/g-c-k-cheung/ and https://www.durham.ac.uk/staff/ferran-perez-mena/

Literature:

Fix, L. (2026). Europe's Next Hegemon: The Perils of German Power. Foreign Affairs. Online at https://www.foreignaffairs.com/germany/europes-next-hegemon-liana-fix [Last accessed: 19 February 2026].

Lamour, C. (2024). Orbán Placed in Europe: Ukraine, Russia and the Radical-Right Populist Heartland. Geopolitics, 29(4), 1297–1323.

Lavery S. and D. Schmid (2021). European Integration and the New Global Disorder. Journal of Common Market Studies 59(5), 1322-1338.

Livermore, D. (2024). Orbán’s ‘Diplomacy’ reveals a vulnerable West. Europe’s Edge. Center for European Policy Analysis (CEPA). Online at https://cepa.org/article/orbans-diplomacy-reveals-a-vulnerable-west/ [Last accessed: 19 February 2026].

Miró, J. (2023). Responding to the global disorder: the EU’s quest for open strategic autonomy. Global Society, 37(3), 315–335.

Sanahuja, J. A., & López Burian, C. (2024). Variations in the geopolitics of the neo-patriotic far-right and the challenge to the international order. CEBRI-Journal, 3(11), 17–36.

Segal, G. (1999). Does China Matter? Foreign Affairs. Online at https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/asia/1999-09-01/does-china-matter [Last accessed: 19 February 2026].

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In this episode, we peel back the curtain on the "hidden geography" of American global power: the network of concrete and steel ground installations that serve as the eyes and ears of the US military. While aircraft carriers often dominate the headlines, the true foundation of US dominance lies in sites like Pituffik Space Base in Greenland and RAF Menwith Hill in the UK, which act as critical up- and downlinks for the world's most sensitive satellite networks.

Dr. Bleddyn Bowen, an Associate Professor in Astropolitics in the School of Government and International Affairs and co-director of the Durham University Space Research Centre (SPARC) joins to discuss:

- The reality of the "pointer list empire" and why the US relies on an international "empire of dots" to maintain global reach.

- The logic—and contradictions—behind Donald Trump’s proposal to acquire Greenland and its link to the "Golden Dome" missile defence system.

- The "two-way street" of intelligence sharing between the US and its Five Eyes allies.

- What to really focus on to judge transatlantic military cooperation.

To learn more about Bleddyn's research, visit his website at: https://www.durham.ac.uk/staff/bleddyn-e-bowen/

To listen to Dr. Bowen's evidence in the House of Lords on the UK Engagment in Space, see https://parliamentlive.tv/event/index/574c0630-e9b6-4cb8-8983-64263c26a3fe [Last accessed on 13th February 2026].

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Do political scandals contribute to the decay of liberal democracy, are they a sign of democracy working, or both? In this episode, Prof. Patrick M. Kuhn dives into the political science behind the headlines to unpack the dynamics and consequences of political transgressions. From the recent unsealing of the Epstein files to the falls of prime ministers and mass ministerial resignations across Europe, we explore why some scandals erupt while others disappear, why not all politicians are affected equally, how polarization undermines accountability, and what the consequences of political scandals are for popular support and trust in democracy.

To learn more about Patrick's research, visit his website: https://www.durham.ac.uk/staff/p-m-kuhn/

Literature:

Christensen, T., & Lægreid, P. (2025). Cabinet turbulence and political scandals—Accountability under pressure. Scandinavian Political Studies.

Close, C., Dodeigne, J., Hennau, S., & Reuchamps, M. (2023). A scandal effect? Local scandals and political trust. Acta Politica, 58, 212–236.

Doherty, D., Dowling, C. M., & Miller, M. G. (2011). Are financial or moral scandals worse? It depends. PS: Political Science & Politics, 44(4), 749–757.

Doherty, D., Dowling, C. M., & Miller, M. G. (2014). Does time heal all wounds? Sex scandals, tax evasion, and the passage of time. PS: Political Science & Politics, 47(2), 357–366.

Dziuda, W., & Howell, W. G. (2021). Political scandal: A theory. American Journal of Political Science, 65(1), 197–209.

Gulati, J., & Brown, L. M. (2021). The personal is political: Reconsidering the impact of scandals on congressional incumbents. Congress & the Presidency, 48(1), 25–49.

Guo, C. (2025). Do voters still care? The effect of polarization on scandal tolerance [Doctoral dissertation, The University of Texas at Austin].

Hamel, B. T., & Miller, M. G. (2019). How voters punish and donors protect legislators embroiled in scandal. Political Research Quarterly, 72(1), 117–131.

Invernizzi, G. (2016). Political scandals [Working paper/Mimeo]. Columbia University.

Just, M. R., & Crigler, A. N. (2019). Media coverage of political scandals: Effects of personalization and potential for democratic reforms. In H. Tumber & S. Waisbord (Eds.), The Routledge Companion to Media and Scandal. Routledge.

Nyhan, B. (2009). Strategic outrage: The politics of presidential scandal [Doctoral dissertation, Duke University].

Nyhan, B. (2015). Scandal potential: How political context and news congestion affect the president’s vulnerability to media scandal. British Journal of Political Science, 45(2), 435–466.

Nyhan, B. (2017). Media scandals are political events: How contextual factors affect public controversies over alleged misconduct by U.S. governors. Political Research Quarterly, 70(1), 223–236.

Praino, R., & Stockemer, D. (2022). The electoral consequences of scandals: A meta-analysis. Parliamentary Affairs, 75, 469–491.

Rottinghaus, B. (2014). Surviving scandal: The institutional and political dynamics of national and state executive scandals. PS: Political Science & Politics, 47(1), 131–140.

Rottinghaus, B. (2023). Do scandals matter? Political Research Quarterly, 76(4), 1932–1943.

Saxton, G. W., & Barnes, T. D. (2022). Sex and ideology: Liberal and conservative responses to scandal. Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties, 32(2), 396–407.

Stockemer, D., & Praino, R. (2019). The good, the bad and the ugly: Do attractive politicians get a ‘break’ when they are involved in scandals? Political Behavior, 41, 747–767.

Tumber, H., & Waisbord, S. R. (2004). Introduction: Political scandals and media across democracies, Volume II. American Behavioral Scientist, 47(9), 1143–1152.

von Sikorski, C. (2018). The aftermath of political scandals: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Communication, 12, 3109–3133.

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Can a democracy use autocratic methods to save itself without losing its soul? In this episode, Prof. Patrick M Kuhn explores the "constitutional paradox"—the idea that liberal democracies may occasionally adopt the very autocratic tools they are built to prevent to survive existential threats. Starting from President Trump's threat to invoke the Insurrection Act of 1807, this episode draws on legal-political models of emergency powers, current empirical research revealing when and under what conditions the use of extraordinary powers results in democratic erosion, and previous uses of the Insurrection Act in U.S. history to illuminate the thin line between decisive leadership and the erosion of constitutional order.

To learn more about the host and his research interests, visit Patrick's website: https://www.durham.ac.uk/staff/p-m-kuhn/

Relevant Literature:

Bjørnskov, C., & Voigt, S. (2018). Why do governments call a state of emergency? On the determinants of using emergency constitutions. European Journal of Political Economy, 54, 110–123.

Bjørnskov, C., & Voigt, S. (2021). You don’t always get what you’d expect: On some unexpected effects of constitutional emergency provisions (Working Paper). SSRN.

Bjørnskov, C., Voigt, S., & Khesali, M. (2022). Unconstitutional states of emergency. Journal of Legal Studies, 51(2), 455–481.

Genovese, M. A. (1979). Democratic theory and the emergency powers of the president. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 9(3), 283–289.

Goupy, M. (2018). The state of exception theory of Carl Schmitt and the ambivalent criticism of liberalism. Zeitschrift für Politikwissenschaft, 28, 395–408.

Humphreys, S. (2006). Legalizing lawlessness: On Giorgio Agamben’s State of Exception. European Journal of International Law, 17(3), 677–687.

Kurian, G. T. (Ed.). (2011). Emergency powers. In The Encyclopedia of Political Science. CQ Press.

Laebens, M. G. (2023). Beyond democratic backsliding: Executive aggrandizement and its outcomes (V-Dem Working Paper Series 2023:54). Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Institute.

Lazar, N. C. (2006). Must exceptionalism prove the rule? An angle on emergency government in the history of political thought. Politics & Society, 34(2), 245–275.

Lijphart, A. (1978). Emergency powers and emergency regimes: A commentary. Asian Survey, 18(4), 401–407.

Loevy, K. (2021). Emergency powers. In The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Constitutional Law. Oxford University Press.

Lowande, K., & Rogowski, J. C. (2021). Executive power in crisis. American Political Science Review, 115(3), 911–927.

Lührmann, A., & Rooney, B. (2021). Autocratization by decree: States of emergency and democratic decline. Comparative Politics, 53(4), 617–649.

Nunn, J., & Goitein, E. (2025, November 12). The Insurrection Act, explained. Brennan Center for Justice.

Peltz, P. (2023). The abuse of emergency provisions: How and under which conditions declared states of emergency foster democratic decline (Working Paper). Institute of Law and Economics, University of Hamburg.

Poyet, C., Niemikari, R., & Raunio, T. (2024). What makes democratic institutions resilient to crises? Applying a novel analytical framework to the case of Finland. Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 32(1), 246–261.

Reynolds, J. (2012). The political economy of states of emergency. Oregon Review of International Law, 14(1), 85–130.

Rooney, B. (2019). Emergency powers in democracies and international conflict. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 63(3), 644–671.

Scheuerman, W. E. (2000). The economic state of emergency. Cardozo Law Review, 21(5-6), 1869–1894.

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This episode explores the rapid disintegration of the post-1945 international order during the second term of the Trump presidency. Following extraordinary recent events, such as the military capture of President Nicolas Maduro and the US’s interest in Greenland, this episode (building on the earlier episode linked below) discusses what might come next.

Dr. Dennis Schmidt and Prof. John Williams draw on the new US National Security Strategy, the emergence of the so-called “Donroe Doctrine”, and the racialised imageries underpinning current US foreign policy to sketch out key features what a new international order might look like. They also examine the precarious position of the UK and Europe, discussing how Britain’s "special relationship" and independent nuclear deterrent are being tested as the United States shifts from a global guarantor to an unpredictable, and at times hostile, actor.

To listen to our episode from March 2025 on the changing international order click here: https://open.spotify.com/episode/4wrsLXcqfwEnuuU4RX0BMV

To learn more about our guests and their research, check out their websites:

Dr. Dennis Schmidt: https://www.durham.ac.uk/staff/dennis-schmidt/

Prof. John Williams: https://www.durham.ac.uk/staff/j-c-williams/

Following this episode, Prof. Williams and Dr. Schmidt wrote the following blog post in the Global Policy Journal, elaborating on how the international order might change: https://www.globalpolicyjournal.com/blog/10/02/2026/empire-yes-19th-century-not-so-much [Last accessed 10th February 2026].

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