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The Enlightenment is one of the formative periods of Western history, yet more than 300 years after it began, it remains controversial. It is often seen as the fountainhead of modern values such as human rights, religious toleration, freedom of thought, scientific thought as an exemplary form of reasoning and rationality and evidence-based argument. Others accuse the Enlightenment of putting forward a scientific rationality which ignores the complexity and variety of human beings, propagates shallow atheism and aims to subjugate nature to so-called technical progress.

In this Very Short Introduction Ritchie Robertson covers the life and work of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832): scientist, administrator, artist, art critic, and supreme literary writer in a vast variety of genres. Looking at Goethe's poetry, novels, and drama pieces, as well as his travel writing, autobiography, and essays on art and aesthetics, Robertson analyzes some of the key themes in his works: love, nature, religion, and tragedy.

Franz Kafka (1883-1924) gehört zu den einflussreichsten Schriftstellern des 20. Jahrhunderts. Zu Lebzeiten veröffentliche er nur eine Hand voll Erzählungen, darunter seine bekannteste, "Die Verwandlung". Die Romane "Der Prozess", "Das Schloss" und "Der Verschollene" erschienen erst nach seinem Tod. Sie begründeten Kafkas Weltruhm als seismographischen Interpreten der Moderne. Der englische Kafka-Spezialist Ritchie Robertson erhellt beides: Kafkas krisengeschütteltes Leben und die Raffiniertheit seiner oft rätselhaft anmutenden Texte.