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The experiments conducted during World War II provide some of the most extreme examples in breaches of human rights and ethics the world has so far seen. There is no benefit in considering the Nazi experiments as “other” or irrelevant. The greatest good that can come out of these atrocities is the lessons they have to teach about what plays into and creates a hostile research environment. Before the rise of Hitler and the Nazi party, Germany was at the forefront of both medical research and medical ethics.

Russian leaders often claim the United States reneged on a promise not to expand NATO after the Cold War. They aren't lying: Although Washington never put a pledge in writing, U.S. officials worked hard to convince Moscow that NATO wouldn't move east. And in international politics, informal commitments count.